Dysgraphia: Mafuaʻaga, Faʻailoga Diagnosis & Togafitiga

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Dysgraphia o se faigata aʻoaʻoga e aafia ai le tusitusi ma le lelei o le taʻavale (o le mafai gaioi gaioiga e ala i le tuʻufaʻatasia o maso laiti o lima ma tapulima). O tamaiti laiti uma e feagai ma mataupu aʻo aʻoaʻo tusitusi ma faʻalelei a latou tusitusi. Ae afai o lau tama tusitusi e masani ona le manino pe faʻaletonu, pe a fai e le fiafia lau tama e tusitusi ona o le gaioiga o le faia o ni tusi lagona mamafa galue ia i latou - atonu o se faʻailoga o le disgraphia ^[1] . E tele faʻailogaina pe a aʻoaʻo le tamaititi e tusitusi, peitaʻi, o le disgraphia e ono le amanaʻiaina mo le tele o tausaga, ae maise lava i mea mama.

Mafuaaga O Dysgraphia

E tusa ai ma le au atamamai, disgraphia i tamaiti e masani lava ona mafua mai i se faʻafitauli ma le orthographic coding. O lenei faʻafitauli neura e aʻafia ai le manatuaina o mea e mafai ai ona tatou manatuaina pea tusitusiga tusia ma le faʻaogaina o matou lima ma tamailima e tusi ai na upu. Lenei tele lava tupu faʻatasi ma isi aʻoaʻoga le atoatoa pei o ADHD (Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder) ma le dislexia i tamaiti. O le manua o le faiʻai e mafai ona faʻaosofia ai faʻailoga o le faʻamaʻi o tagata matutua.

Faʻailoga o le Dysgraphia

O le tusitusi lima le manino ma le faʻaletonu o le faʻailoga masani lea o le disgraphia. Peitaʻi, o nisi taimi e mafai ona maua ai le faʻamaʻi e tusa lava pe tusitusi lima lou alo. Ile tulaga la, o le tusitusi mama e avea ma mea faigata ma faʻaalu ai taimi mo lau tama.

Nei o ni masani ai uiga o le disgraphia:

• Le fetaui tusi ma upu avanoa
• Tape soo
• Sese sipelaga ma mataitusi tetele
• Le fetaui tusi ma upu avanoa
• Se paluga o mataʻitusi ma tusi lolomi
• Faʻafitauli i le kopiina o upu
• Tusitusiga vaivai
• Masani o le faia o upu leotetele ao tusitusi
• Leiloa upu ma mataitusi mai fuaiupu
• Le lelei fuafuaga faʻaleoleo (faigata i le vaeluaina o mataʻitusi luga o pepa pe i totonu o autafa)
• Paʻu lima, e tau atu i manuʻa lima ^[1]

Suʻesuʻega o Dysgraphia

Faʻamaoniga o le disgraphia e masani ona faia e se 'au o tagata atamamai, e aofia ai le fomaʻi, o le laiseneina mafaufau poʻo isi mafaufau faʻapitoa polofesa ua i ai le poto masani i le feagai ai ma tamaiti ma se ituaiga tulaga. E mafai ona e faʻafesoʻotaʻia se fomaʻi faʻapitoa i le faʻailoaina o lenei tulaga le atoatoa.

Faʻamaoniga e ono aofia ai se suʻega IQ. O faʻailoga e mafai foi ona iloiloina faʻavae i luga o latou aʻoga tofiga poʻo galuega faʻaleaʻoaʻoga. Suʻega mo le faʻamaʻi pipisi aofia ai se vaega tusitusi, kopiina o fuaiupu pe taliina puʻupuʻu fesili fesili. Latou te faʻataʻitaʻia foi le lelei-afi agavaʻa, lea o le a tofotofoina ai lou alo i gaioiga faʻasolosolo ma tomai i le afi. O le faʻapitoa e taumafai e faʻamautinoa pe o le a le lelei e mafai ai e lau tama ona faʻavasega mafaufauga ma faʻailoa manatu, e aofia ai le lelei o a latou tusitusiga ^[lua] .

Togafitiga O le Dysgraphia

E leai se faʻamalologa tumau mo le disgraphia. Fomaʻi fomaʻi manaʻomia siaki pe i ai seisi aʻoaʻoga le atoatoa poʻo tulaga soifua maloloina e aofia ai. O vailaʻau o loʻo faʻaaoga e togafitia ai le ADHD ua fesoasoani i le faʻaleagaina o tamaiti o loʻo mafatia i tulaga uma e lua. Faʻaleleia togafitiga atonu e aoga i le faʻaleleia atili o tomai tusitusi ^[3] . E faʻamalosia tamaiti e fai gaioiga, pei ole

• faia latou faʻataʻitaʻia e uu le peni i se auala fou, ina ia lagona lagona faigofie mo i latou,
• galue ma faʻataʻitaʻi omea,
• foiaina paso fesoʻotaʻiga-the-togitogi,
• tusia laina i totonu o papala, ma
• suʻega tusi i le 'aisa kulimi i luga o le kesi.

E tele polokalame tusitusi avanoa e fesoasoani tamaiti i lenei tulaga ^[4] .

Faʻafefea Ona Faʻafoe Dysgraphia

Sili atu nai lo le faʻaletino faigata, tamaiti ma le faʻamaʻi feagai feagai ma le tele o le lotovaivai e atiaʻe ai se lagona o le maualalo ia latou. Le agavaʻa e faʻatumauina le alualu i luma o aʻoaʻoga a le potuaʻoga latou te lagona ai le leai o se fesoasoani i isi taimi. E ese mai togafitiga faʻasolosolo ma togafitiga masani, o lau faʻalavelave faʻapitoa o se matua e mafai ona fesoasoani i lau tama e feagai ma lenei tulaga sili atu le lelei. I-fale faʻalavelave mo disgraphia aofia ai

• aʻoaʻoina i latou pe faʻafefea ona ta
• fesoasoani ia latou e fausia se uʻu lelei i luga o le penitala poʻo le peni,
• malie e tusitusi mo meaaoga a lau tama poʻo meaaoga i taimi e tufatufa ai le mamafa, ma
• faʻaosofia lou alo e faʻamaumau fuaiupu a o leʻi tusia i lalo.

E mafai ona e galue faʻatasi ma le aʻoga pulega ma faiaʻoga o lau tama tamaititi e aumai ni suiga i lona olaga aʻoaʻoina. Lenei auala e mafai ai e aʻoga ona faia se eseesega:

• Tofi se tagata ave nota i le potuaoga pe avatu ia tamaiti o le vasega se kopi a le faiaoga o le tusi.
• Fausia se fofoga tautala i mea tusitusi atofaina, pe suia ni tamaʻi api pepa ma se vave vave aotelega lesona.
• Faʻatagaina tamaiti aʻoga ma le faʻaleagaina e faʻaaoga mea e nonofo ai e pei o penitala, peneiti e tineia, pepa e siʻi i luga laina ma isi mea e fesoasoani ai ia latou e galulue i tomai tusitusi.
• Faʻatagaina le faʻatagaina e faʻaaoga ai komupiuta i soʻo se taimi e mafai ai.
• Faʻataga tamaiti e faʻaaoga le sipela siaki siaki i soʻo se taimi e mafai ai.

E le gata i lea, e tatau ona e onosaʻi ma faʻatagaina lau tamaititi e faʻafetaui i togafitiga ma suia tulaga, tusa lava pe tuai le alualu i luma. I le fausiaina o se alalafaga o faiaoga lagolagosua, uo, tagata o le aiga ma fomaʻi togafitiga, oe mafai ona toe fausia lo latou faʻaleagaina-lo latou manatu faʻapitoa ma fesoasoani ia latou manuia i le taimi umi.

1. [1]McCloskey, M., & Rapp, B. (2017). Faʻalautelega disgraphia: O se aotelega ma faʻavaʻa mo suʻesuʻega.Cognitive neuropsychology, 34 (3-4), 65-82.
2. [lua]Richards, T. L., Grabowski, T. J., Boord, P., Yagle, K., Askren, M., Mestre, Z.,… Berninger, V. (2015). Faʻatusatusaina faʻataʻitaʻiga faiʻai o faʻatonuga DTI fesoʻotaʻi, fMRI fesoʻotaʻiga, ma DTI-fMRI fesoʻotaʻiga faʻafesoʻotaʻiga i tamaiti ma ma aunoa ma le dysgraphia poʻo le dyslexia. NeuroImage. Fomaʻi, 8, 408-421.
3. [3]Engel, C., Lillie, K., Zurawski, S., & Travers, B. G. (2018). Polokalame tusitusi-tusilima tusitusi: O se iloiloga faʻasolosolo lelei ma Aʻafiaga tele. O le tusi faʻamaonia a Amerika o galuega faʻapitoa: lolomiina aloaia o le American Occupational Therapy Association, 72 (3), 7203205010p1-7203205010p8.
4. [4]Rosenblum S. (2018). Fesoʻotaʻiga vavalalata i le va o le tusilima tusilima foliga ma pulega faʻatonutonu i tamaiti o loʻo tuputupu aʻe disgraphia.PloS tasi, 13 (4), e0196098.

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